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Improved Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function:Research suggests our cells’ ability to produce energy and sustain proper mitochondrial function depends heavily on NAD⁺. This coenzyme plays a key role in vital metabolic functions such as oxidative phosphorylation, the primary mechanism by which our cells generate ATP in the mitochondria, and glycolysis, the process by which glucose is converted into energy [1]. Unfortunately, our NAD⁺ levels decrease with age, which can result in a number of metabolic problems as well as age-related health issues.

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and other NAD⁺-boosting supplements have shown promise in scientific studies for raising NAD⁺ levels. For instance, NR was shown to improve brain function and lower inflammation while raising the amount of NAD⁺ in the brain in Parkinson’s disease patients in a Phase I trial [2].

Another study found that NR was well tolerated, raised blood NAD⁺ levels in healthy older adults, and may help with energy balance and heart health. This suggests that it might be used therapeutically to treat age-related ailments [3].

DNA Repair, Genomic Stability, and Aging: NAD⁺ is essential for DNA repair through PARP enzymes, maintaining genomic stability and preventing cell senescence. Age-related declines in NAD⁺ reduce repair capacity, leading to DNA damage accumulation and aging-related diseases [4].

In a DNA repair-deficient Alzheimer’s mouse model, NAD⁺ precursor treatment reduced DNA damage, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death while improving cognitive function and synaptic plasticity.

NAD⁺ also supports sirtuin activity, which regulates chromatin remodeling and cellular health. Restoring NAD⁺ levels shows promise in mitigating neurodegeneration, preserving genomic stability, and slowing aging-related processes, highlighting its therapeutic potential for age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s [5].

Cognitive, Vascular, and Neuroprotective Effects:NAD⁺ research has shown potential advantages for neuroprotection, vascular health, and cognition. Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and other NAD⁺ precursors address important aspects of cognitive decline by lowering oxidative stress, promoting mitochondrial function, and having anti-inflammatory properties [6].

According to a pilot study, NR enhanced endothelial function, cerebrovascular response, and cognitive function in older adults with peripheral artery disease (PAD) [7]. Preclinical research also shows that NAD⁺ helps improve learning and memory in models of aging, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease by reducing inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction [8]. According to these results, NAD⁺ precursors may be able to prevent age-related vascular and cognitive decline, which calls for more clinical study.

Immune System and Inflammation Regulation: Research shows that NAD⁺ plays a critical role in immune regulation by influencing immune cell activation and differentiation, particularly in macrophages and T-cells. Studies have demonstrated that it supports metabolic reprogramming during immune responses, helping maintain immune homeostasis and modulating inflammation [9].

Declining NAD⁺ levels with age contribute to chronic inflammation, but supplementation with NAD⁺ precursors like Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) has shown promise. Human studies reveal that NR supplementation reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, in older adults [10]. These findings suggest that boosting NAD⁺ levels may help regulate immune function, reduce inflammation, and offer therapeutic potential for age-related and inflammatory diseases. 

Skin Health and Cancer Prevention: In high-risk patients, nicotinamide (NAM), a NAD⁺ intermediate, has been demonstrated to lower the incidence of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC), most likely via NAD⁺-mediated processes like improved DNA repair and cellular defense. By preserving genomic stability, NAD⁺ aids in the prevention of carcinogenic mutations. New research indicates that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR), two other NAD⁺ precursors, may increase NAD⁺ levels more efficiently than NAM, potentially providing even stronger protection against age-related diseases and skin cancer [11].