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Follistatin 344 is a natural protein that plays an important role in many biological processes. These include: muscle growth, tissue repair, cell proliferation, and the regulation of inflammation. It is a specific isoform of follistatin, known as a glycoprotein.
The peptide helps control important signaling molecules in the body, like myostatin. These molecules belong to a group called the TGF-β superfamily (transforming growth factor-beta superfamily), which influences processes like muscle growth and repair. Follistatin works by binding to these molecules and regulating their activity.
Follistatin 344 is mainly produced in the liver but is also found in other tissues throughout the body, showing its broad biological importance.
This protein is of particular interest in research due to its promising applications in regenerative medicine, muscle-wasting diseases, and other therapeutic areas. Its ability to influence cellular growth and differentiation makes it a valuable subject for studies in fields like molecular biology, genetics, and pharmacology.
Follistatin 344 functions by binding to specific signaling proteins in the body, including myostatin and activins, which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins play a key role in regulating processes such as muscle growth, inflammation, and tissue repair.
The peptide works by binding to proteins and stopping them from interacting with cell receptors. For example, myostatin is a protein that limits muscle growth. When Follistatin 344 binds to myostatin, it blocks its activity, which allows for increased muscle growth and repair.
Follistatin 344 plays a crucial role in regulating activins, which are important for processes like cell proliferation and inflammation. It plays an important role in key signaling pathways and is a major area of research. This work could lead to new treatments for muscle-wasting diseases, progress in regenerative medicine, and solutions for other health conditions.
Muscle Mass and Strength: This alternatively spliced form of follistatin has shown significant promise in enhancing muscle mass and strength by blocking myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth. Preclinical studies in mice and cynomolgus macaque monkeys have revealed that this therapy, when delivered via adeno-associated virus (AAV1-FS344), produces significant and durable increases in muscle size and strength [3].
Importantly, FS344 avoids off-target effects, such as impacts on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, by secreting a peptide that circulates in the serum without binding to nonmuscle cells. Long-term studies revealed no adverse effects on organ systems or reproductive capabilities, supporting its potential for treating neuromuscular diseases [2].
Neuromuscular Diseases: Studies have shown FS344 has promise as a gene therapy for neuromuscular diseases, particularly sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) [3]. Delivered via adeno-associated virus (AAV1-FS344), it inhibits the myostatin pathway, enhancing muscle mass and strength.
In a clinical trial, sIBM patients treated with FS344 demonstrated significant improvement in the 6-minute walk test, with a median annualized gain of +56.0 m/year compared to a decline in untreated subjects [4]. FS344 also reduced fibrosis and improved muscle regeneration. Research suggests it shows promise for mild to moderate neuromuscular diseases, safely avoiding hormonal side effects.
Reduced Fibrosis and Inflammation: FS344 has demonstrated potential in reducing fibrosis, a hallmark of many neuromuscular disorders. The peptide inhibits the myostatin pathway, promoting muscle regeneration and reducing fibrotic tissue accumulation.
Preclinical studies and clinical trials in conditions like sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) revealed that treatment with follistatin 344 not only increased muscle mass and strength but also decreased fibrosis in affected muscles. This reduction in fibrotic tissue improves overall muscle function and highlights the peptide’s therapeutic potential [2].
Repair and Regeneration:Follistatin 344 helps muscles repair and grow by blocking myostatin and activin, which normally limit muscle growth. Research indicates this peptide boosts satellite cell production, a vital step for muscle growth and repair. In irradiated muscles with impaired satellite cell activity, FS344-induced hypertrophy was reduced, highlighting the role of cell proliferation [5].
Beyond growth, FS344 also improves muscle healing after injury. It does this by reducing scar tissue (fibrosis) and increasing new blood vessel formation (neovascularization). It also activates genetic factors like MyoD and myogenin, which help muscle cells develop [6]. These findings suggest that Follistatin 344 could be a promising treatment for muscle injuries and diseases, such as muscular dystrophies, by enhancing muscle healing.
Metabolic Regulation: Follistatin 344 plays a significant role in metabolic regulation by modulating the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Studies in transgenic pigs expressing FS344 in skeletal muscle revealed increased muscle growth, reduced fat deposition, and improved metabolic profiles. The peptide influences key pathways, including PIK3–AKT signaling, calcium-mediated signaling, and amino acid metabolism, while promoting oxidative metabolism in muscle [7].
Additionally, it alters lipid metabolism, reducing lipid synthesis and storage in subcutaneous fat and enhancing lipid catabolism in retroperitoneal fat. By promoting adipose browning and mitochondrial biogenesis, FS344 shows potential as a therapeutic agent for obesity and related metabolic disorders [8].
[1] Janaiah Kota, Chalonda R Handy, Amanda M Haidet, Chrystal L Montgomery, et al (2009) Follistatin gene delivery enhances muscle growth and strength in nonhuman primates – Science Translational Medicine, 2009 Nov 11, Volume 1 (Issue 6), Page 6ra15.
[2] Louise R Rodino-Klapac, Amanda M Haidet, Janaiah Kota, Chalonda Handy, et al (2009). Inhibition of Myostatin With Emphasis on Follistatin as a Therapy for Muscle Disease – Muscle Nerve, 2009 Mar, Volume 39 (Issue 3), Pages 283–296.
[3] Jerry R Mendell, Zarife Sahenk, Samiah Al-Zaidy, Louise R Rodino-Klapac, et al (2017) Follistatin Gene Therapy for Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis Improves Functional Outcomes – Molecular Therapy, 2017 Apr 5, Volume 25 (Issue 4), Pages 870-879.
[4] Louise R Rodino-Klapac, Amanda M Haidet, Janaiah Kota, Chalonda Handy, et al (2015) Follistatin Gene Therapy Improves Ambulation in Becker Muscular Dystrophy – Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases, 2015 Sep 2, Volume 2 (Issue 3), Pages 185-192.
[5] H̩l̬ne Gilson, Olivier Schakman, St̩phanie Kalista, Pascale Lause, et al (2009) Follistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through satellite cell proliferation and inhibition of both myostatin and activin РAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2009 Jul, Volume 297 (Issue 1), Pages E157-64.
[6] Jinhong Zhu, Yong Li, Aiping Lu, Burhan Gharaibeh, et al (2011) Follistatin Improves Skeletal Muscle Healing after Injury and Disease through an Interaction with Muscle Regeneration, Angiogenesis, and Fibrosis – Am J Pathol, 2011 Aug, Volume 179 (Issue 2), Pages 915–930.
[7] LONG Ke-ren, LI Xiao-kai, ZHANG Ruo-wei, GU Yi-ren, et al (2022) Transcriptomic analysis elucidates the enhanced skeletal muscle mass, reduced fat accumulation, and metabolically benign liver in human follistatin-344 transgenic pigs – Journal of Integrative Agriculture
Volume 21, Issue 9, 2022, Pages 2675-2690
[8] Shehla Pervin, Srinivasa T. Reddy, and Rajan Singh (2021) Novel Roles of Follistatin/Myostatin in Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Adipose Browning: Potential for Therapeutic Intervention in Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders – Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 2021 Apr 9, Volume 12, Page 653179.
The answers to the most frequently asked questions about Follistatin 344.
Buy Follistatin 344 Peptide Nasal Spray from Peptide Works. Offered in 15ml and 30ml glass spray bottles, this non-invasive format provides an easy and effective administration route for research applications.
Follistatin-344 may promote muscle growth by blocking myostatin, a natural protein that limits muscle size. Studies in animals show increased muscle development after Follistatin exposure. However, human research is limited, and its safety, dosage, and long-term effects are not confirmed. Current scientific reviews label it as experimental, not approved for clinical use.
In animal studies, Follistatin-344 shows a short half-life of about one to three hours after injection. It breaks down rapidly in the body and does not remain active for long. Research also indicates that similar follistatin forms lose activity quickly, suggesting limited stability and short biological action.
In the United States, Follistatin-344 is not approved by the FDA for medical or dietary use. It is legally sold only as a research peptide, intended for laboratory and scientific studies. Regulations may vary internationally, and buyers should ensure all purchases comply with local research-use guidelines.
Follistatin-344 may cause side effects such as inflammation at the injection site, hormone imbalance, or unwanted tissue growth due to excessive myostatin inhibition. Animal studies suggest potential effects on organ size and metabolism. Long-term safety data are unavailable, and its overall risk profile remains uncertain and under research.
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